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收录来自古今中外 20 多个朝代,近 60个 国家的作者超 3万 人,诗词曲赋、文言文等作品数近 60万 个,名句超 10万 条,著作超 2万 部。

零边际成本社会:一个物联网、合作共赢的新经济时代 作者:杰里米·里夫金 美国)

章节目录树

注释

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15. Jeremy Rifkin, The Empathic Civilization (New York: Penguin Books, 2009), 266.

20. “The Difference Engine: Chattering Objects,” Economist (August 13, 2010), http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2010/08/internet_things (accessed September 5, 2013).

10. “History of the OSI,” Open Source Initiative, September 2012, http://opensource.org/history (accessed June 13, 2013).

35. “Cray 1-A: 1977–1989,” Computer and Information Systems Laboratory, 2009, http://www.cisl.ucar.edu/computers/gallery/cray/cray1.jsp (accessed March 7, 2013).

5. Rubenstein, The Age of Triage, 43; Slater, The English Peasantry, 6.

4. Oskar Lange, “On the Economic Theory of Socialism: Part Two,” Review of Economic Studies 4(2) (1937): 129.

38. Kendall Haven, One Hundred Greatest Science Discoveries of All Time (Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2007), 221.

20. Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 64.

15. Jean Gimpel, The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages (London: Penguin, 1977), 16.

1. Jeremy Rifkin, The End of Work (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995), xv.

13. J. Bradford Delong and Lawrence H. Summers, “The ‘New Economy’: Background, Historical Perspective, Questions and Speculations,” Economic Policy for the Informational Economy (2001):16。

39. Helen Pidd, “Indian Blackout Held No Fear for Small Hamlet Where the Power Stayed On,” Guardian, September 10, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/sep/10/india-hamlet-where-power-stayed-on (accessed September 29, 2013).

21. Michael Bame, “USS Gerald Ford Aircraft Carrier,” About.com, 2013, http://defense.about.com/od/Navy/a/Uss-Gerald-Ford-Aircraft-Carrier.htm (accessed June 17, 2013); “Building an Energy Future: Annual Report,” Royal Dutch Shell, December 31, 2012: 10, http://reports.shell.com/annual-review/2012/servicepages/downloads/files/entire_shell_review_12.pdf (accessed February 3, 2014).

42. Carolyn Marvin, When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking about Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 164.

11. Richard Stallman, “Why ‘Open Source’ Misses the Point of Free Software,” Communications of the ACM 52(6) (2009): 31.

19. “Costs for University of Maryland College Park,” CollegeCalc, http://www.collegecalc.org/colleges/maryland/university-of-maryland-college-park/ (accessed June 28, 2013).

41. Cecilia Kang, “Tech, Telecom Giants Take Sides as FCC Proposes Public Wi-Fi Networks,” Cullman Times, February 4, 2013, http://www.cullmantimes.com/local/x1303538507/Tech-Telecom-Giants-Take-Sides-as-FCC-Proposes-Public-Wi-Fi-Networks (accessed November 3, 2013).

8. Lynn White, Medieval Technology and Social Change (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), 129.

3. Chris Anderson, “Free! Why $0.00 Is the Future of Business,” Wired, February 25, 2008, http://www.wired.com/techbiz/it/magazine/16-03/ff_free?currentPage=all (accessed March 7, 2013).

6. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson, 1843), 22.

23. Dara Kerr, “YouTube breaks records with 4M Creative Commons Videos,” CNET, July 25, 2012, http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57480300-93/youtube-breaks-records-with-4m-creative-commons-videos/ (accessed June 23, 2013).

26. “The Internet of Things Business Index,” 11.

53. “What’s Moving: U.S. Auto Sales,” Wall Street Journal, May 1, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/mdc/public/page/2_3022-autosales.html.

25. Katie Fehrenbacher, “For the Smart Grid, the Wireless Debates Are Over,” Gigaom, January 23, 2012, http://gigaom.com/2012/01/23/for-the-smart-grid-the-wireless-debates-are-over/ (accessed July 5, 2013).

55. Andrea Alegria, Agata Kaczanowska, and Lauren Setar, “Highly Concentrated: Companies That Dominate Their Industries,” IBIS World, February 2012, 1–2, 4, http://www.ibisworld.com/Common/MediaCenter/Highly%20Concentrated%20Industries.pdf (accessed February 22, 2013).

46. “Mahatma Gandhi on Mass Production.”

4. “Difference Engine: Luddite Legacy,” Economist, November 4, 2011, http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/11/artificial-intelligence (accessed July 9, 2013).

1. Yujiro Hayami and Yoshihisa Godo, Development Economics: From the Poverty to the Wealth of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 341.

18. Isaac Asimov, “In the Game of Energy and Thermodynamics You Can’t Even Break Even,” Smithsonian, August 1970, 9.

18. “ICT Facts and Figures: The World in 2013,” ICT Data and Statistics Division of the International Telecommunication Union, February 2013, http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2013.pdf (accessed June 20, 2013).

15. De Clercq, “Renewables Turn Utilities into Dinosaurs.

15. J. Bradford Delong and Lawrence H. Summers, “The ‘New Economy’: Background, Historical Perspective, Questions and Speculations,” Economic Policy for the Informational Economy (2001):16。

43. “From Micro-Grids to Smart Grids,” Kidela, November 20, 2012, http://www.kidela.com/resources/blackout-from-micro-grids-to-smart-grids/ (accessed September 30, 2013).

3. Garrett Hardin, “Political Requirements for Preserving Our Common Heritage,” in Wildlife and America, ed. Howard P. Brokaw (Washington, DC: Council on Environmental Quality, 1978), 310–17.

13. Richard Stallman, “Why ‘Open Source’ Misses the Point of Free Software,” Communications of the ACM 52(6) (2009):33。

8. Robert S. McIntyre, Matthew Gardner, Rebecca J. Wilkins, and Richard Phillips, “Corporate Taxpayers & Corporate Tax Dodgers 2008–10,” Citizens for Tax Justice and the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, November, 2011, http://www.ctj.org/corporatetaxdodgers/CorporateTaxDodgersReport.pdf (accessed October 7, 2013).

14. Ostrom, Governing the Commons,,61–62。

6. Robert U. Ayres and Benjamin Warr, The Economic Growth Engine: How Energy and Work Drive Material Prosperity (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009), 334–37.

13. Andy Greenberg, “The Fab Life,” Forbes, August 13, 2008, http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/13/diy-innovation-gershenfeld-tech-egang08-cx_ag_0813gershenfeld.html (accessed April 1, 2013).

48. Q. A. Mowbray, Road to Ruin (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1969), 15.

9. Eric J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital, 1848–1875 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1975), 40.

2. Richard Schlatter, Private Property: The History of an Idea (New York: Russell & Russell, 1973), 64.

34. Christopher Steiner, “Automatons Get Creative,” New York Times, August 17, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10000872396390444375104577591304277229534#printprin (accessed June 30, 2013).

4. Carol Rose, “The Comedy of the Commons,” University of Chicago Law Review 53(3) (1986): 720.

32. Venu Gadde, “U.S. Oil & Gas Exploration & Production (E&P),” Henry Fund Research, February 8, 2012, 3, https://tippie.uiowa.edu/henry/reports12/oil_gas.pdf (accessed January 13, 2013).

1. Jean-Baptiste Say, A Treatise on Political Economy (Philadelphia: Grigg & Elliot, 1843), 134–35.

33. John Markoff, “Armies of Expensive Lawyers, Replaced by Cheaper Software,” New York Times, March 4, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/05/science/05legal.html?pagewanted=all (accessed October 20, 2013).

10. United Nations Environment Programme, “Feed in Tariffs as a Policy Instrument for Promoting Renewable Energies and Green Economies in Developing Countries,” ed. Wilson Rickerson, Chad Laurent, David Jacobs, Christina Dietrich and Christina Hanley, 2012, 4, http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_FIT_Report_2012F.pdf (accessed October 21, 2013).

41. Josiah Neeley, “Texas Windpower: Will Negative Pricing Blow Out the Lights? (PTC vs. Reliable New Capacity),” MasterResource, November 27, 2012, http://www.masterresource.org/2012/11/texas-negative-pricing-ptc/ (accessed August 2, 2013).

31. Robert Anderson, Fundamentals of the Petroleum Industry (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984),19, 20, 22。

8. Rose, “The Comedy of the Commons,”,774。

47. Rudolf Rechsteiner, “Wind Power in Context — A Clean Revolution in the Energy Sector,” EnergyWatchGroup, December 2008, http://www.energywatchgroup.org/fileadmin/global/pdf/2009-01_Wind_Power_Report.pdf (accessed November 4, 2013).

49. “Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2012–2017,” Cisco, February 6, 2013, 11, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html (accessed February 3, 2014).

21. “Postal Service Flexes Its Workforce Flexibility,” USPS Office of Inspector General, June 10, 2013, http://www.uspsoig.gov/blog/postal-service-flexes-its-workforce-flexibility/, (accessed June 13,2013).

12. Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deléage, and Daniel Hémery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization through the Ages (London: Zed Books, 1992),76。

16. De Clercq, “Renewables Turn Utilities into Dinosaurs.

24. “R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company,” International Directory of Company Histories, 2001, Encyclopedia.com http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2844200093.html (accessed June 12, 2013).

12. Peter Joseph, Roxanne Meadows, and Jacque Fresco, “The Zeitgeist Movement: Observations and Responses,” Zeitgeist Movement, February 2009 http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/socio politica/zeitgeist08.htm (accessed June 13, 2013).

33. Aaron Saenz, “Costs of DNA Sequencing Falling Fast — Look at these Graphs!,” Singularity University, March 5, 2001, http://singularityhub.com/2011/03/05/costs-of-dna-sequencing-falling-fast-look-at-these-graphs/ (accessed June 19, 2013).

40. Cecilia Kang, “Tech, Telecom Giants Take Sides as FCC Proposes Public Wi-Fi Networks,” Cullman Times, February 4, 2013, http://www.cullmantimes.com/local/x1303538507/Tech-Telecom-Giants-Take-Sides-as-FCC-Proposes-Public-Wi-Fi-Networks (accessed November 3, 2013).

35. Ariana Eunjung Cha, “Glowing Plants Illuminate Regulatory Debate,” Washington Post, October 4, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/glowing-plant-project-on-kickstarter-sparks-debate-about-regulation-of-dna-modification/2013/10/03/e01db276-1c78-11e3-82ef-a059e54c49d0_story.html (accessed November 8, 2013).

3. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (London: Printed for Whitmore and Fenn, Charing Cross; and C. Brown, Duke Street, Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields, 1821), §27.

4. Jennifer Rebecca Kelly and Troy D. Abel, “Fostering Ecological Citizenship: The Case of Environmental Service-Learning in Costa Rica,” International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning 6(2) (2012), http://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/cgi/viewcontentcgi?article=1330&context=int_jtl (accessed November 8, 2013).

7. John Maynard Keynes, Essays in Persuasion (Project Gutenberg eBook, 2011), 358–74, http://gutenberg.ca/ebooks/keynes-essaysinpersuasion/keynes-essaysinpersuasion-00-h.html (accessed January 23, 2013).

30. Robert Anderson, Fundamentals of the Petroleum Industry (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984), 279, 286, 289.

38. Helen Pidd, “Indian Blackout Held No Fear for Small Hamlet Where the Power Stayed On,” Guardian, September 10, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/sep/10/india-hamlet-where-power-stayed-on (accessed September 29, 2013).

24. “Internet of Things Factsheet Privacy and Security: IoT Privacy, Data Protection, Information Security,” Digital Agenda for Europe, A Europe 2020 Initiative (February 28, 2013): 1, http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/conclusions-internet-things-public-consultation (accessed March 21. 2013),7。

3. Moses Abramovitz, Thinking about Growth: And Other Essays on Economic Growth and Welfare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 133.

40. Peter Hockenos, “Germany’s Grid and the Market: 100 Percent Renewable by 2050?,” Renewable Energy World, November 21, 2012, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog /post/2012/11/ppriorities-germanys-grid-and-the-market (November 1, 2013); Jeevan Vasagar, “German Farmers Reap Benefits of Harvesting Renewable Energy,” Financial Times, December 2, 2013. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f2bc3958-58f4-11e3-9798-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2nMj6ILk2 (accessed December 13, 2013).

32. Deborah Desrochers-Jacques, “Green Energy Use Jumps in Germany,” Der Spiegel, August 30, 2011, http://www.spiegel.de/international/crossing-the-20-percent-mark-green-energy-use-jumps-in-germany-a-783314.html (accessed August 7, 2013); Berlin and Niebull, “Germany’s Energy Transformation: Eneriewende,” Economist, July 28, 2012, http://www.economist.com/node/21559667 (accessed October 1, 2013).

35. Dominic Basulto, “The Cleanweb: Green Energy Meets Moore’s Law,” Big Think, May 15, 2012, http://bigthink.com/endless-innovation/the-cleanweb-green-energy-meets-moores-law (accessed July 19, 2013).

25. “The Internet of Things Business Index,” 11.

23. Condon, “Millions of Middle-Class Jobs Killed by Machines in Great Recession’s Wake.”

52. The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, vol. 83, June 7, 1942–January 26, 1944 (New Delhi: Publications Division of the Government of India, 1999), 113, http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL083.PDF (accessed November 14, 2013).

19. Netting, “What Alpine Peasants Have in Common.”

19. Viktor Mayer-Schönberger and Kenneth Cukier, Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013) 59.

23. Steve Lohr, “The Internet Gets Physical,” The New York Times, December 17, 2011, http://www. nytimes.com/2011/12/18/sunday-review/the-internet-gets-physical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (accessed November 19, 2013).

15. “The Internet of Things Business Index: A Quiet Revolution Gathers Pace,” The Economist Intelligence Unit (2013), 10, http://www.arm.com/files/pdf/EIU_Internet_Business_Index_WEB.PDF (accessed October 29, 2013).

第八章 最后一个站着的工人

31. Paul and Allen, “Inventing the Cleanweb.”

54. “The Hidden Expense of Energy.”

30. Yuliya Chernova, “New York’s Cleanweb Hackathon Sparks Green Ideas Where Cleantech and IT Intersect,” Wall Street Journal, October 2, 2012, http://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2012/10/02/new-yorks-cleanweb-hackathon-sparks-green-ideas-where-clean-tech-and-it-intersect/ (accessed September 3, 2013); Martin LaMonica, “Cleanweb Hackers Get Busy with Energy Data,” CNET, January 23, 2012, http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-57363873-54/cleanweb-hackers-get-busy-with-energy-data/ (accessed September 3, 2013).

5. Ronald H. Coase, “The Marginal Cost Controversy,” Economica 13(51) (August, 1946): 180.

33. “The Strategic Cooperation between Daimler and the Renault-Nissan Alliance Forms Agreement with Ford,” Daimler, January 28, 2013, http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-7153-1-1569733-1-0-0-0-0-0-16694-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html (accessed March 31, 2013).

12. J. Bradford Delong and Lawrence H. Summers, “The ‘New Economy’: Background, Historical Perspective, Questions and Speculations,” Economic Policy for the Informational Economy (2001):16。

第七章 慕课时代:零边际成本教育

15. A. Hyma, The Dutch in the Far East (Ann Arbor, MI: George Wahr, 1953).

10. Eric J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, 1789–1848 (New York: Vintage Books, 1996), 298.

54. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. Edwin Cannan (London: Methuen, 1961), 1: 475.

24. “Growing International Co-Operation Driving the Spread of Smart Grids,” GlobalData (June, 2012): 1–7.

13. Kathryn Ware, “Coursera Co-founder Reports on First 10 Months of Educational Revolution,” UVA Today, February 21, 2013, http://curry.virginia.edu/articles/coursera-co-founder-reports-on-first-10-months-of-educational-revolution (accessed November 8, 2013); “Courses,” Coursera, 2013, https://www.coursera.org/courses, (accessed November 12, 2013).

68. Matthew L. Wald, “Shale’s Effect on Oil Supply Is Forecast to Be Brief,” The New York Times, November 12, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/13/business/energy-environment/shales-effect-on-oil-supply-is-not-expected-to-last.html?_r=0, (accessed November 13, 2013).

14. Cindy Atoji Keene, “A Classroom for the Whole World,” Boston Globe, May 19, 2013, http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/specials/globe-100/2013/05/18/edx-president-anant-agarwal-aims-reach-billion-students-around-world/Kv5DZOiB0ABh84F4oM8luN/story.html (accessed October 30, 2013); Thomas L. Friedman, “Revolution Hits the Universities,” New York Times, January 26, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/opinion/sunday/friedman-revolution-hits-the-universities.html?_r=0 (accessed October 31, 2013).

9. J. M. Pearce, C. Morris Blair, K. J. Laciak, R. Andrews, A. Nosrat, and I. Zelenika-Zovko, “3-D Printing of Open Source Appropriate Technologies for Self-Directed Sustainable Development,” Journal of Sustainable Development 3(4) (2010): 18.

22. Elinor Ostrom, “Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems,” Nobel Prize lecture, Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis from Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, December 8, 2009, 424, 425, http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2009/ostrom_lecture.pdf (accessed November 3, 2013).

12. Geert De Clercq, “Renewables Turn Utilities into Dinosaurs of the Energy World,” Reuters, March 8, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/08/us-utilities-threat-idUSBRE92709E20130308 (accessed August 30, 2013).

20. “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid: A Preliminary Estimate of the Investment Requirements and the Resultant Benefits of a Fully Functioning Smart Grid,” Electric Power Research Institute, March 2011, 4, http://ipu.msu.edu/programs/MIGrid2011/presentations/pdfs/Reference Material - Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid.pdf (accessed February 3, 2014).

34. David Altshuler, John Bell, Todd Golub, et al, “Creating a Global Alliance to Enable Responsible Sharing of Genomic and Clinical Data,” Broad Institute, June 3 2013, http://www.broad institute.org/files/news/pdfs/GAWhitePaperJune3.pdf (accessed November 8, 2013).

17. Josh Catone, “In the Future, The Cost of Education Will Be Zero,” Mashable, July 24, 2013, http://mashable.com/2009/07/24/education-social-media/ (accessed August 6, 2013).

1. William Henry Gates III, “An Open Letter to Hobbyists,” February 3, 1976, http://www.blinkenlights.com/classiccmp/gateswhine.html (accessed February 3, 2014).

12. Richard Stallman, “Why ‘Open Source’ Misses the Point of Free Software,” Communications of the ACM 52(6) (2009): 31.

50. Yochai Benkler, “Open Wireless vs. Licensed Spectrum: Evidence from Market Adoption,” Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 26(1) (2012), http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2012/unlicensed_wireless_v_licensed_spectrum (accessed October 23, 2013).

34. “The Raspberry Pi in Scientific Research,” Raspberry Pi, April 25, 2013, http://www.raspberry pi.org/archives/tag/research (accessed September 19, 2013).

21. Steve Lohr, “The Internet Gets Physical,” The New York Times, December 17, 2011, http://www. nytimes.com/2011/12/18/sunday-review/the-internet-gets-physical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (accessed November 19, 2013).

45. “Unlicensed Spectrum Subcommittee Report,” U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, January 6, 2010, 4.

第一章 伟大的转变:从市场资本主义到协同共享

2. Maurice Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1947), 143.

15. John Markoff, “Skilled Work, without the Worker,” New York Times, August 18, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/19/business/new-wave-of-adept-robots-is-changing-global-industry.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (accessed July 1, 2013).

6. Kelly and Abel, “Fostering Ecological Citizenship.”

51. New Housing Units: Completed, United States Census Bureau, 2012, http://www.census.gov/construction/nrc/historical_data/ (accessed October 30, 2013); Shopping Centers: Numbers and Gross Leasable Area, United States Census Bureau, http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s1061.pdf (accessed October 30, 2013).

5. Irene Chapple, “Dickerson: Etsy Is Disrupting Global Supply Chains,” CNN, June 5, 2013, http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/05/business/etsy-leweb-craft-disrupting (accessed June 28, 2013).

46. Cristina L. Archer and Mark Z. Jacobson, “Evaluation of Global Wind Power,” Journal of Geophysical Research 110, June 30, 2005, http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/winds /2004jd005462.pdf (accessed March 3, 2013).

9. Karl Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1920), 119.

56. Prarelal, Mahatma Gandhi: Poornahuti, vol. 10: The Last Phase, part 2 (Ahmedabad, India: Navajivan Trust, 1956), 522.

67. Ajay Makan and Javier Blas, “Oil Guru Says US Shale Revolution is ‘Temporary,’” Financial Times, May 29, 2013, www.ft.com/cms/s/0/281b118e-c870-11e2-acc6-00144feab7de.html#axzz2UbJC9Zz1 (accessed October 17, 2013).

18. Janet Browne, Charles Darwin: The Power of Place (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), 2:186.

51. “UN Projects 40% of World Will Be Online By Year End, 4.4 Billion Will Remain Unconnected,” UN News Centre, October 7, 2013, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=46207&Cr=internet&Cr1# (accessed November 7, 2013).

30. Marcy Darnovsky and Jesse Reynolds, “The Battle to Patent Your Genes,” American Interest, September/October 2009, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=653 (accessedJuly 20, 2013).

6. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. Edwin Cannan (London: Methuen, 1961), 1:475.

27. “The Internet of Things Business Index,”,14, 16。

6. Oskar Lange, “On the Economic Theory of Socialism: Part Two,” Review of Economic Studies 4(2) (1937):130。

25. Leonard S. Rubenstein, “Brief on Behalf of the Peoples Business Commission, Amicus Curiae,” regarding Diamond v. Chakrabarty, no. 79-136, December 13, 1979, http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/workshops/ag2010/015/AGW-14399-a.doc (accessed November 1, 2013).

4. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston: Beacon Press, 1944), 35; Richard L. Rubenstein, The Age of Triage: Fear and Hope in an Overcrowded World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1983), 10.

38. Richard H. K. Vietor, Contrived Competition: Regulation and Deregulation in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), 171–72.

9. “ICT Facts and Figures: The World in 2013,” ICT Data and Statistics Division of the International Telecommunication Union, February 2013, 2, http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2013.pdf (accessed October 2, 2013).

14. J. Bradford Delong and Lawrence H. Summers, “The ‘New Economy’: Background, Historical Perspective, Questions and Speculations,” Economic Policy for the Informational Economy (2001):16。

10. J. Bradford Delong and Lawrence H. Summers, “The ‘New Economy’: Background, Historical Perspective, Questions and Speculations,” Economic Policy for the Informational Economy (2001):35。

21. “Conclusions of the Internet of Things Public Consultation,” Digital Agenda for Europe, A Europe 2020 Initiative, February 28, 2013, http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/conclusions-internet-things-public-consultation (accessed March 21, 2013).

16. Cadwalladr, “Do Online Courses Spell the End.”

16. “Print Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia,” Economist, August 10, 2013, http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21583238-new-low-cost-way-making-things-print-me-head-alfredo-garcia (accessed August 18, 2013).

1. “Solar 101: Solar Economics,” States Advancing Solar, http://www.statesadvancingsolar.org/solar-101/solar-economics (accessed January 31, 2014); “Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, April 1, 2001, www.nrel.gov/wind/docs/spread_sheet_Final.xls (accessed October 22, 2013).

1. Mark Richardson and Bradley Haylock, “Designer/Maker: The Rise of Additive Manufacturing, Domestic-Scale: Production and the Possible Implications for the Automotive Industry,” Computer Aided Design and Applications (2012): 35.

52. “The Hidden Expense of Energy — Print Is Costly, Online Isn’t Free,” Scholarly Kitchen, January 19, 2012, http://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2012/01/19/the-hidden-expense-of-energy-costs-print-is-costly-online-isnt-free/ (accessed August 21, 2013).

2. “What Is Free Software?,” GNU Project–Free Software Foundation, June 18, 2013, http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html (accessed June 26, 2013).

16. Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 95.

37. Brian T. Horowitz, “IBM, Nuance to Tune Watson Supercomputer for Use in Health Care,” EWeek, February 17, 2011, http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Health-Care-IT/IBM-Nuance-to-Tune-Watson-Supercomputer-for-Use-in-Health-Care-493127/ (accessed October 22, 2013).

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41. Pidd, “Indian Blackout Held No Fear.”

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第五章 极致生产力、物联网和免费能源

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第二章 市场经济的诞生

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64. Nick Goldman, Paul Bertone, Siyuan Chen, Christophe Dessimoz, Emily M. LeProust, Botond Sipos, and Ewan Birney, “Towards Practical, High-Capacity, Low-Maintenance Information Storage in Synthesized DNA,” Nature 494 (February 7, 2013): 77–80.

12. S. Mitchell, N. Villa, M.S. Weeks, and A. Lange, “The Internet of Everything for Cities,” Cisco, 2013, http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac79/docs/ps/motm/IoE-Smart-City_PoV.pdf (accessed on October 31, 2013).

16. “World Robotics 2012 Industrial Robots,” International Federation of Robotics, http://www.ifr.org/industrial-robots/statistics/ (accessed May 26, 2013).

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48. “Wind Power Experiencing Exponential Growth Globally,” Renewable Energy Worldwide, January 30, 2009, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/01/wind-power-experiencing-exponential-growth-globally-54631 (accessed January 9, 2013).

17. Chandler, The Visible Hand, 120.

5. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson, 1843), 21.

36. Ramez Naam, “Smaller, Cheaper, Faster: Does Moore’s Law Apply to Solar Cells?,” Scientific American (blog), March 16, 2011, http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2011/03/16/smaller-cheaper-faster-does-moores-law-apply-to-solar-cells (accessed June 19, 2013).

17. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).

11. Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deléage, and Daniel Hémery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization through the Ages (London: Zed Books, 1992), 75.

9. “How Many Smart Meters are Installed in the US and Who Has Them?,” US Energy Information Administration, last modified January 10, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq .cfm?id=108&t=3 (accessed October 12, 2013).

7. Rubenstein, The Age of Triage, 46.

66. Derik Andreoli, “The Bakken Boom — A Modern-Day Gold Rush,” Oil Drum, December 12, 2011, http://www.theoildrum.com/node/8697 (October 30, 2013); A. E. Berman, “After the Gold Rush: A Perspective on Future U.S. Natural Gas Supply and Price,” Oil Drum, February 8, 2012, http://www.theoildrum.com/node/8914 (accessed October 30, 2013).

第三章 历史的进程:从第一次工业革命到第二次工业革命

9. Moglen, “Anarchism Triumphant.”

11. United Nations Environment Programme, “Feed in Tariffs as a Policy Instrument for Promoting Renewable Energies and Green Economies in Developing Countries,” ed. Wilson Rickerson, Chad Laurent, David Jacobs, Christina Dietrich and Christina Hanley, 2012, 4, http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_FIT_Report_2012F.pdf (accessed October 21, 2013).

61. “Apple Facilities: Environment Footprint Report,” Apple, 2012, 8, http://images.apple.com/environment/reports/docs/Apple_Facilitates_Report_2013.pdf (accessed November 10, 2013).

11. Alan A. Smith to J. O. McDonough, September 18, 1952, N/C Project Files, MIT Archives.

51. “Auctions,” U.S. Federal Communications Commission, http://www.fcc.gov/topic/auctions (accessed June 4, 2013).

14. Alfred D. Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), 88。

23. S. R. Epstein and Maarten Prak, Guilds, Innovation, and the European Economy, 1400–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008),44。

44. “Unlicensed Spectrum Subcommittee Report,” U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, January 6, 2010, 4.

1. Harold Hotelling, “The General Welfare in Relation to Problems of Taxation and of Railway and Utility Rates,” Econometrica 6(3) (July, 1938): 242.

16. E. M. Carus-Wilson, “An Industrial Revolution of the Thirteenth Century,” Economic History Review 11 (1941): 39.

28. Sunil Paul and Nick Allen, “Inventing the Cleanweb,” MIT Technology Review, April 2, 2012, http://www.technologyreview.com/news/427382/inventing-the-cleanweb/ (accessed August 17, 2013).

3. Harold Hotelling, “The General Welfare in Relation to Problems of Taxation and of Railway and Utility Rates,” Econometrica 6(3) (July, 1938):260–261。

35. Christopher Steiner, “Automatons Get Creative,” New York Times, August 17, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10000872396390444375104577591304277229534#printprin (accessed June 30, 2013).

53. Mahatma Gandhi, The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi: Encyclopedia of Ghandi’s Thoughts, ed.R. K. Prabhu and U. R. Rao (Ahmedabad, India: Jitendra T Desai Navajivan Mudranalaya, 1966), 243–44.

1. Robert S. Hoyt, Europe in the Middle Ages, 2nd ed. (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966), 300.

44. “Mahatma Gandhi on Mass Production,” interview, May 16, 1936, http://www.tinytechindia.com/gandhiji2.html (accessed April 21, 2013).

29. Mary Beth Griggs, “3-D Printers Spit Out Fancy Food, Green Cars, and Replacement Bones,” Discover Magazine, March 26, 2012, http://discovermagazine.com/2012/mar/31-3-d-printers-spit-out-fancy-food-and-green-cars#.UnvIBPmkoSU (accessed November 7, 2013).

57. Rich Miller, “How Many Data Centers? Emerson Says 500,000,” Data Center Knowledge, December 14, 2011, http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2011/12/14/how-many-data-centers-emerson-says-500000/ (accessed November 3, 2013).

31. “Porto Alegre Treaty to Share the Genetic Commons,” UK Food Group, February 1, 2002, http://www.ukabc.org/genetic_commons_treaty.htm (accessed July 21, 2013).

17. Stephen Jay Gould, “Darwin’s Untimely Burial,” in Philosophy of Biology, ed. Michael Ruse (New York: Prometheus Books, 1998), 93–98.

47. Carmela Aquino and Sarah Radwanick, “2012 Mobile Future in Focus,” ComScore, February 2012, http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Presentations_and_Whitepapers/2012/2012_Mobile_Future_in_Focus (accessed October 23, 2013).

22. Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), 188.

19. Thomas Paine, “Rights of Man: Being an Answer to Mr. Burke’s Attack on the French Revolution,” in The Political Works of Thomas Paine (New York: C. Blanchard, 1860).

19. Angela E. Davis, Art and Work: A Social History of Labour in the Canadian Graphic Arts Industry in the 1940s (Montreal: McGill–Queen’s University Press, 1995), 21.

17. Russell Roberts, “Obama vs. ATMs: Why Technology Doesn’t Destroy Jobs,” Wall Street Journal,June 22, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304070104576399704275939640.html (accessed May 26, 2013).

38. Associated Press, “Watson’s Medical Expertise Offered Commercially,” Telegram, February 8 2013, http://www.telegram.com/article/20130208/NEWS/102089640/0 (accessed October 22, 2013).

4. C. Arvind Kumar, Welcome to the ‘Free’ World: A Free Software Initiative (Hyderabad: Indian Universities Press, 2011), 28.

33. “Statements of Support for Green Button Initiative,” White Houe Office of Science and Technology Policy, last modified March 22, 2012, http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/ostp/pressroom/03222012-support (accessed August 22, 2013).

14. Debeir, Deléage, and Hémery, In the Servitude of Power, 79.

7. R. H. Tawney, The Acquisitive Society (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1920), 13, 18.

14. Eric Steven Raymond, “The Cathedral and the Bazaar,” UnderStone.net, August 22, 2001 http://www.unterstein.net/su/docs/CathBaz.pdf (accessed June 13, 2013).

28. Barney Jopson, “Shoes Stores Sock It to Online Buyers,” Financial Times, May 5, 2013, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/42893492-b385-11e2-b5a5-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2W1rGveQo (accessed November 7, 2013).

第十一章 一场深刻的社会变革

2. Jacob Goldstein and Lam Thuy Vo, “22 Million Americans Are Unemployed Or Underemployed,” NPR, April 4, 2013, httpwww.npr.orgblogsmoney2013040417569781323-million-americans-are-unemployed-or-underemployed (accessed November 12, 2013).

40. Gerald W. Brock, The Telecommunications Industry: The Dynamics of Market Structure (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 161.

20. Lawrence Lessig, “Getting Our Values around Copyright Rights,” Educause Review 45(2) (March/April 2010): 36.

26. Salamon, “Putting the Civil Society Sector,” 198.

12. Alfred D. Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), 86。

21. Aileen Fyfe, Steam-Powered Knowledge: William Chambers and the Business of Publishing, 1820–1860 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 64.

43. “The Communications Act of 1934,” U.S. Department of Justice, June 19, 1934, http://it.ojp.gov/default.aspx?area=privacy&page=1288#contentTop (accessed October 22, 2013).

第六章 3D打印:从大规模生产到大众生产

22. Kevin Carey, “Into the Future with MOOC’s,” Chronicle of Higher Education, September 3, 2012, http://chronicle.com/article/Into-the-Future-With-MOOCs/134080/ (accessed October 28, 2013).

19. David J. Hill, “3-D Printing Robot Produces Chairs and Tables from Recycled Waste,” Singularity Hub, April 23, 2012, http://singularityhub.com/2012/04/23/3d-printing-robot-produces-chairs-and-tables-from-recycled-waste/ (accessed April 4, 2013).

3. “What Is Free Software?,” GNU Project–Free Software Foundation, June 18, 2013, http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html (accessed June 26, 2013).

12. Richard Pérez-Pefia, “Harvard Asks Graduates to Donate Time to Free Online Humanities Class,” New York Times, March 25, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/education/harvard-asks-alumni-to-donate-time-to-free-online-course.html?_r=0 (accessed November 1, 2013).

18. “The Difference Engine: Chattering Objects,” Economist (August 13, 2010), http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2010/08/internet_things (accessed September 5, 2013).

5. Rachael Larimore, “Why ‘You Didn’t Build That’ Isn’t Going Away,” Slate, August 30, 2012, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/08/_you_didn_t_build_that_it_doesn_t_matter_what_obama_meant_to_say_but_what_people_heard_.html (accessed July 13, 2013).

50. “The Dramatic Story of Oil’s Influence on the World,” Oregon Focus (January 1993): 10–11.

19. White, Medieval Technology, 128–29.

51. Hoda, Gandhi and the Contemporary World.

第九章 产消者和智能经济时代的来临

7. John A. “Skip” Laitner, Steven Nadel, R. Neal Elliott, Harvey Sachs, and A Siddiq Khan, “The Long-Term Energy Efficiency Potential: What the Evidence Suggests,” American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, January 2012, http://www.garrisoninstitute.org/downloads/ecology/cmb/Laitner_Long-Term_E_E_Potential.pdf, 2 (accessed September 21, 2013).

7. James Sherk,”Technology Explains Drop in Manufacturing Jobs,” Heritage Foundation, October 12, 2010, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/10/technology-explains-drop-in-manufacturing-jobs (accessed August 10, 2013).

22. “Dutch Architect to Build ‘Endless’ House With 3-D Printer,” 3ders, January 15, 2013, http://www.3ders.org/articles/20130115-dutch-architect-to-build-endless-house-with-3d-printer.html (accessed January 26, 2013).

11. Alfred D. Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), 83.

第四章 从资本主义看人类的本性

52. “Electric Generation Ownership, Market Concentration, and Auction Size” (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation), July 2010, 4, http://www.epa.gov/airtransport/pdfs/TSD_Ownership_and_Market_Concentration_7-6-10.pdf (accessed April 7, 2013).

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17. Lawrence Lessig, “Culture Wars: Getting to Peace,” in Copyright Future Copyright Freedom:Marking the 40th Anniversary of the Commencement of Australia’s Copyright Act of 1968, ed. Brian Fitzgerald and Benedict Atkinson (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2011), 116.

1. T. W. Schultz, “New Evidence on Farmer Responses to Economic Opportunities from the Early Agrarian History of Western Europe,” Subsistence Agriculture and Economic Development, ed. Clifton R Wharton, Jr. (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1969), 108.

3. “Wohlers Associates Publishes 2012 Report on Additive Manufacturing and 3-D Printing: Industry Study Shows Annual Growth of Nearly 30%,” Wohlers Associates, May 15, 2012, http://wohlersassociates.com/press56.htm (accessed August 16, 2013).

56. James Glanz, “Power, Pollution and the Internet,” New York Times, September 22, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/technology/data-centers-waste-vast-amounts-of-energy-belying-industry-image.html?pagewanted=all (accessed November 3, 2013).

8. Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deléage, and Daniel Hémery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization through the Ages (London: Zed Books, 1992), 101–104.

13. Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 59.

23. Scott DiSavino, “U.S. Smart Grid to Cost Billions, Save Trillions,” Reuters, May 24, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/24/us-utilities-smartgrid-epri-idUSTRE74N7O420110524 (accessed June 7, 2013); “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid: A Preliminary Estimate.” Electric Power Research Institute, March 2011, 21.

17. Markus Kayser, “Solar Sinter,” MarkusKayser, 2011, http://www.markuskayser.com/work/solarsinter/ (accessed January 11, 2013).

10. “Fab Lab FAQ,” MIT Center for Bits and Atoms, http://fablab.cba.mit.edu/about/faq/ (accessed June 27, 2013).

11. “MIT Fab Lab: The New Technology Revolution,” Cardiff School of Art and Design, August 27, 2013, http://cardiff-school-of-art-and-design.org/magazine/mit-fab-lab-the-new-technology-revolution/ (accessed November 14, 2013); Alison DeNisco, “Fab Lab Beginnings,” District Administration (December 2012), http://www.districtadministration.com/article/fab-lab-beginnings (accessed November 14, 2013); “FabLab,” Fab Education Bremen, http://www.fabeducation.net/en/fablab-2.html (accessed November 14, 2013).

22. “Internet of Things Factsheet Privacy and Security: IoT Privacy, Data Protection, Information Security,” Digital Agenda for Europe, A Europe 2020 Initiative (February 28, 2013): 1, http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/conclusions-internet-things-public-consultation (accessed March 21. 2013).

26. “Automotive Case Studies: Prototyping Is the Driving Force behind Great Cars,” Stratasys, http://www.stratasys.com/resources/case-studies/automotive/urbee (accessed June 27, 2013).

6. Ronald H. Coase, “The Marginal Cost Controversy,” Economica 13(51) (August, 1946):173。

7. John F. Duffy, “The Marginal Cost Controversy in Intellectual Property,” University of Chicago Law Review 71(1) (2004): 38.

5. Lawrence Lessig, “Code Is Law: On Liberty in Cyberspace,” Harvard Magazine, January-February 2000, http://harvardmagazine.com/2000/01/code-is-law-html (accessed June 13, 2013).

40. Peerzada Abrar, “Gram Power: Yashraj Khaitan’s ‘Smart Microgrid’ Produces, Stores Renewable Energy on Location,” Economic Times, July 6, 2012, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-06/news/32566187_1_renewable-energy-innovation-pilferage (accessed September 29, 2013).

9. Richard Schlatter, Private Property: The History of an Idea (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1951), 185.

62. “McGraw-Hill and NJR Clean Energy Ventures Announce Largest Solar Energy Site of Its Kind in the Western Hemisphere,” McGraw-Hill Financial, June 13, 2011, http://investor.mcgraw-hill.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=96562&p=RssLanding&cat=news&id=1573196 (accessed October 25, 2013).

15. Cadwalladr, “Do Online Courses Spell the End.”

17. Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 62.

14. Cory Doctorow, story in Over Clocked: Stories of the Future Present (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2007), 4.

20. “Printing Yesterday and Today,” Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin, http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/educator/modules/gutenberg/books/printing/ (accessed on October 16, 2013).

17. E. M. Carus-Wilson, “The Woollen Industry,” in The Cambridge Economic History, vol. 2: Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages, ed. M. Postan and E. E. Rich (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952), 409.

11. Tamar Lewin, “College of Future Could Be Come One, Come All,” New York Times, November 19, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/education/colleges-turn-to-crowd-sourcing-courses.html?pagewanted=all (accessed November 1, 2013).

2. Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162(3859) (December 13, 1968):1243–1248。

36. “Milestones in AT&T History,” AT&T, http://www.corp.att.com/history/milestones.html.

27. Dave Karpinski, “Making the ‘Smart Grid’ Smarter with Broadband Wireless Networks and the Internet,” Crain’s Cleveland Business, September 11, 2012, http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20120911/BLOGS05/309119999 (accessed July 7, 2013).

27. Chandler, The Visible Hand, ,245。

6. Thomas More, Utopia (Rockville, MD: Arc Manor, 2008), 20.

16. “The Internet of Things Business Index: A Quiet Revolution Gathers Pace,” The Economist Intelligence Unit (2013), 10, http://www.arm.com/files/pdf/EIU_Internet_Business_Index_WEB.PDF (accessed October 29, 2013).

27. Henry Ford and Samuel Crowther, My Life and Work (Garden City, NY: Garden City Publishing, 1922), 72.

24. Bill Siwicki, “Wal-Mart expands Self-Checkout in Stores via Its iPhone App,” Internet Retailer, February 20, 2013, http://www.internetretailer.com/2013/02/20/wal-mart-expands-self-checkout-stores-its-iphone-app (accessed November 3, 2013).

47. Daniel Yergen, The Prize (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 208.

26. Leonard S. Rubenstein, “Brief on Behalf of the Peoples Business Commission, Amicus Curiae,” regarding Diamond v. Chakrabarty, no. 79-136, December 13, 1979, http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/workshops/ag2010/015/AGW-14399-a.doc (accessed November 1, 2013).

39. Cecilia Kang, “Tech, Telecom Giants Take Sides as FCC Proposes Public Wi-Fi Networks,” Cullman Times, February 4, 2013, http://www.cullmantimes.com/local/x1303538507/Tech-Telecom-Giants-Take-Sides-as-FCC-Proposes-Public-Wi-Fi-Networks (accessed November 3, 2013).

4. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (London: Printed for Whitmore and Fenn, Charing Cross; and C. Brown, Duke Street, Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields, 1821), §27.

33. Fred Kaplan, 1959: The Year Everything Changed (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2009), 82; Mark W. Greenia, History of Computing: An Encyclopedia of the People and Machines that Made Computer History, Lexikon Services, January 1, 1998; “Reference/FAQ/Products and Services,” IBM, http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/reference/faq_0000000011.html (accessed November 7, 2013).

25. “Personal Genome Project — Homepage,” Personal Genome Project, 2013, http://www.personal genomes.org/ (accessed June 23, 2013).

27. “Collaborative [1800–2000], English,” Google Books NGram Viewer, http://books.google.com/ngrams/ (accessed June 12, 2013); “Google Books Ngram Viewer,” University at Buffalo, http://libweb.lib.buffalo.edu/pdp/index.asp?ID=497 (accessed December 16, 2013).

46. “Unlicensed Spectrum Subcommittee Report,” U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, January 6, 2010, 4.

17. “The Difference Engine: Chattering Objects,” Economist (August 13, 2010), http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2010/08/internet_things (accessed September 5, 2013).

27. “New Forms of Life Can be Patented U.S. Court Rules,” Montreal Gazette (Associated Press), June 17 1980, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800617&id=OokxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dKQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3169,3065019 (accessed July 20, 2013).

34. “Check Out the Social Energy App by Facebook, NRDC, Opower,” Alliance to Save Energy, last modified March 20, 2012, http://www.ase.org/efficiencynews/preview-social-energy-app-facebook-nrdc-opower (accessed July 19, 2013).

27. Sun Joo Kim, “How Will Brick and Mortar Stores Survive?,” Smart Planet, October 19, 2012, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/bulletin/how-will-brick-and-mortar-stores-survive/3122 (accessed June 19, 2013).

37. “Marcin Jakubowski: Open-Sourced Blueprints For Civilization,” Huffington Post, December 19, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/19/wiki-diy-civilization_n_1157895.html?view=print&comm_ref=false (accessed September 12, 2013).

10. Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons, (Cambridge University Press, 1990), 58.

26. Dave Karpinski, “Making the ‘Smart Grid’ Smarter with Broadband Wireless Networks and the Internet,” Crain’s Cleveland Business, September 11, 2012, http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20120911/BLOGS05/309119999 (accessed July 7, 2013).

1. “Skype in the Classroom,” Skype, 2013, https://education.skype.com/ (accessed November 6, 2013); Sarah Kessler, “Skype CEO: Our Goal Is to Connect 1 Million Classrooms,” Mashable, September 21, 2011, http://mashable.com/2011/09/21/skype-in-the-classroom-tony-bates/ (accessed November 12, 2013).

10. Management Report on Numerically Controlled Machine Tools (Chicago: Cox and Cox Consulting, 1958).

33. Narayan Mandayam and Richard Frenkiel, “AT&T History,” Rutgers University, http://www.winlab.rutgers.edu/~narayan/Course/Wireless_Revolution/LL1-%20Lecture%201%20reading-%20ATT%20History.doc (accessed on October 16, 2013).

15. Herbert Spencer, The Principles of Biology (London: Williams and Norgate, 1864), 1:444–45.

16. J. Bradford Delong and Lawrence H. Summers, “The ‘New Economy’: Background, Historical Perspective, Questions and Speculations,” Economic Policy for the Informational Economy (2001):16, 38。

59. Glanz, “Power, Pollution and the Internet.”

21. Ostrom, Governing the Commons,91–102。

2. Harold Hotelling, “The General Welfare in Relation to Problems of Taxation and of Railway and Utility Rates,” Econometrica 6(3) (July, 1938):258。

7. “Definition: Hacker,” Search Security, October 2006, http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/hacker (accessed October 15, 2013).

29. Paul Boutin, “The Law of Online Sharing,” MIT Technology Review, January/February 2012.

11. “Data, Data Everywhere,” Economist, February 25, 2012, http://www.economist.com/node/15557443 (accessed September 18, 2013); Joe Hellerstein, “Parallel Programming in the Age of Big Data,” GigaOM, November 9, 2008, http://gigaom.com/2008/11/09/mapreduce-leads-the-way-for-parallel-programming/ (accessed September 18, 2013).

18. Tamar Lewin, “Universities Team with Online Course Provider,” New York Times, May 30, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/30/education/universities-team-with-online-course-provider.html (accessed November 1, 2013).

28. Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,” Electronics 38(8) (April 19, 1965): 115.

42. Rachel Morison, “Renewables Make German Power Market Design Defunct, Utility Says,” Bloomberg, June 26, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-26/renewables-make-german-power-market-design-defunct-utility-says.html (accessed April 29, 2013).

58. “Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency,” 7.

14. John Markoff, “Skilled Work, without the Worker,” New York Times, August 18, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/19/business/new-wave-of-adept-robots-is-changing-global-industry.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (accessed July 1, 2013).

28. Paul Lewis, “Ambitious Plans for Iraqi Oil,” New York Times, July 30, 1994, http://www.ny times.com/1994/07/30/business/ambitious-plans-for-iraqi-oil.html (accessed June 30, 2013).

45. Surur Hoda, Gandhi and the Contemporary World (Indo-British Historical Society, 1997).

57. “The World’s Top 50 Economies: 44 Countries, Six Firms,” Democratic Leadership Council, http://www.dlc.org/ndol_cie5ae.html?kaid=10 (accessed 14 July 2010).

9. Rose, “The Comedy of the Commons,”,774。

37. Jeremy Rifkin, The Biotech Century (New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam Books, 1998), 9.

34. Adam Thierer, “Unnatural Monopoly: Critical Moments in the Development of the Bell System Monopoly,” Cato Journal 14(2) (1994): 270.

36. “IBM Watson: Ushering in a New Era of Computing,” IBM, http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/ (accessed October 22, 2013).

35. Goli Mohammadi, “Open Source Ecology: Interview with Founder Marcin Jakubowski,” Makezine, February 11, 2011, http://blog.makezine.com/2011/02/11/open-source-ecology-interview-with-founder-marcin-jakubowski/ (accessed June 17, 2013).

9. Boerje Langefors, “Automated Design,” in Robert Colborn, Modern Science and Technology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965), 699.

13. Dave Toke, “Community Wind Power in Europe and in UK,” Wind Engineering 29(3) (2005).

11. Schlatter, Private Property, 242.

25. Chandler, The Visible Hand, 230.

第十章 共享的喜剧

18. Debeir, Deléage, and Hémery, In the Servitude of Power, 90.

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