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10. John F. Cyran, Rita J. Valentino and Irwin Lucki, ‘Assessing Substrates Underlying the Behavioral Effects of Antidepressants Using the Modified Rat Forced Swimming Test’,Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews , 29:4–5 (2005), 569–74; Benoit Petit-Demoulière, Frank Chenu and Michel Bourin, ‘Forced Swimming Test in Mice:A Review of Antidepressant Activity’,Psychopharmacology 177:3 (2005), 245–55; Leda S. B. Garcia et al.,‘Acute Administration of Ketamine Induces Antidepressant-like Effects in the Forced Swimming Test and Increases BDNF Levels in the Rat Hippocampus’,Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 32:1 (2008), 140–4; John F. Cryan, Cedric Mombereau and Annick Vassout, ‘The Tail Suspension Test as a Model for Assessing Antidepressant Activity:Review of Pharmacological and Genetic Studies in Mice’,Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews 29:4–5 (2005), 571–625; James J. Crowley, Julie A. Blendy and Irwin Lucki, ‘Strain-dependent Antidepressant-like Effects of Citalopram in the Mouse Tail Suspension Test’,Psychopharmacology 183:2 (2005), 257–64; Juan C. Brenes, Michael Padilla and Jaime Fornaguera, ‘ADetailed Analysis of Open-Field Habituation and Behavioral and Neurochemical Antidepressant-like Effects in Postweaning Enriched Rats’,Behavioral Brain Research 197:1 (2009), 125–37; Juan Carlos Brenes Sáenz, Odir Rodríguez Villagra and Jaime Fornaguera Trías, ‘Factor Analysis of Forced Swimming Test, Sucrose Preference Test and Open Field Test on Enriched, Social and Isolated Reared Rats’,Behavioral Brain Research 169:1 (2006), 57–65.
40. 关于学生滥用此类兴奋剂的证据仍然不足，但2013年的一项研究发现，美国大学生有5%~15%曾非法使用某种兴奋剂至少一次： C. Ian Ragan, Imre Bard and Ilina Singh, ‘What Should We Do about Student Use of Cognitive Enhancers?An Analysis of Current Evidence’,Neuropharmacology 64 (2013), 589.
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然而，有些学者认为人类之所以失去强大的嗅觉能力，是因为某些更古老的进化过程。参见： Yoav Gilad et al., ‘Human Specific Loss of Olfactory Receptor Genes’,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100:6 (2003), 3324–7; Atushi Matsui, Yasuhiro Go and Yoshihito Niimura, ‘Degeneration of Olfactory Receptor Gene Repertories in Primates:No Direct Link to Full Trichromatic Vision’,Molecular Biology and Evolution 27:5 (2010), 1192–200; Graham M. Hughes, Emma C. Teeling and Desmond G. Higgins, “Loss of Olfactory Receptor Function in Hominin Evolution”,PLOS One 9:1 (2014), e84714.
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26. 关于肥胖造成的死亡： ‘Global Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors Study 2013’,Lancet , 18 December 2014, accessed 18 December 2014,http://www.thelancet.com/themed/global-burden-of-disease; Stephen Adams, ‘Obesity Killing Three Times As Many As Malnutrition’,Telegraph , 13 December 2012, accessed 18 December 2014,http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9742960/Obesity-killing-three-times-as-many-as-malnutrition.html.关于恐怖主义造成的死亡： Global Terrorism Database ,http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/, accessed 16 January 2016.
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18. 在官方数据中，从未将“老死”列入死因。如果某位妇人年老体衰，最终因为某种感染而再也撑不下去，账面上就会将感染列为正式死因。因此从官方数据来看，因传染病而死的人仍然占总死亡人数的20%以上。然而现在的情形绝对已经和过去大为不同：当时传染病带走的是大批儿童及健壮成年人的生命。
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7. Graham Harvey,Animism:Respecting the Living World (Kent Town:Wakefield Press, 2005); Rane Willerslev,Soul Hunters:Hunting, Animism and Personhood Among the Siberian Yukaghirs (Berkeley:University of California Press, 2007); Elina Helander-Renvall, ‘Animism, Personhood and the Nature of Reality:Sami Perspectives’,Polar Record 46:1 (2010), 44–56; Istvan Praet, ‘Animal Conceptions in Animism and Conservation’, inRoutledge Handbook of Human-Animal Studies , ed. Susan McHaugh and Garry Marvin (New York:Routledge, 2014), 154–67; Nurit Bird-David, ‘Animism Revisited:Personhood, Environment, and Relational Epistemology’,Current Anthropology 40 (1999): s67–91; N. Bird-David, ‘Animistic Epistemology:Why Some Hunter-Gatherers Do Not Depict Animals’,Ethnos 71:1 (2006):33–50.
2. Morris Edmund Spears, ed.,World War Issues and Ideals:Readings in Contemporary History and Literature (Boston and New York:Ginn and Company, 1918), 242.还有一项最重要的近期研究，得到正反双方的一致广泛引用，也尝试证明民主体制的士兵战斗力较强： Dan Reiter and Allan C. Stam,Democracies at War (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 2002).
12. 从2005年到2010年的平均值，分别是全球4.6%、非洲7.9%、欧洲和北美0.7%。参见： ‘Infant Mortality Rate (Both Sexes Combined) by Major Area, Region and Country, 1950–2010 (Infant Deaths for 1000 Live Births), estimates’,World Population Prospects: the 2010 Revision , UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, April 2011, accessed 26 May 2012,http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm.同时参见Alain Bideau, Bertrand Desjardins, and Hector Perez-Brignoli, ed.,Infant and Child Mortality in the Past (Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1997); Edward Anthony Wrigley et al.,English Population Historyfrom Family Reconstitution, 1580 –1837 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1997), 295–6, 303.
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8. William Kelly Simpson,The Literature of Ancient Egypt (Yale:Yale University Press, 1973), 332–3.
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12. 关于不同程度的自我意识，请参见： Gregg,Are Dolphins Really Smart? , 59–66.
1. ‘EM spectrum’.Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons,https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EM_spectrum.svg#/media/File:EM_spectrum.svg
5. 有些专家可能会提到哥德尔不完备定理（Gödel’s incompleteness theorem），也就是认为没有任何数学的公理（axiom）系统能够证明所有算术真理，一定会有某些真实的陈述，无法在该系统中证明。而在通俗文学里，有时候就会把这项定理挪用过来，用以说明心灵的存在。照其说法，正是因为有无法证明的事实，所以需要用心灵来处理。只不过，一般人只是想要生存和繁衍，实在看不出来为什么需要与这些神秘的数学真理扯上关系。事实上，我们绝大多数有意识的决定，都与以上这些问题完全无关。
13. Galin, ‘Implications for Psychiatry of Left and Right Cerebral Specialization’, 573–4.
12. Steiner,Automate This , 178–82; Dormehl,The Formula , 21–4; Shana Lebowitz, ‘Every Time You Dial into These Call Centers, Your Personality Is Being Silently Assessed’,Business Insider , 3 September 2015, retrieved 31 January 2016,http://www.businessinsider.com/how-mattersight-usespersonality-science-2015-9.
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52. Robert J. Lake, ‘Social Class, Etiquette and Behavioral Restraint in British Lawn Tennis’,International Journal of the History of Sport 28:6 (2011), 876–94; Beatriz Colomina, ‘The Lawn at War:1941–1961’, inThe American Lawn , ed. Georges Teyssot (New York:Princeton Architectural Press, 1999), 135–53; Virginia Scott Jenkins,The Lawn:History of an American Obsession (Washington:Smithsonian Institution, 1994).
19. See also Edward O. Wilson,The Social Conquest of the Earth (New York:Liveright, 2012).
32. Wu Youyou, Michal Kosinski and David Stillwell, ‘Computer-Based Personality Judgements Are More Accurate Than Those Made by Humans’,PNAS 112:4 (2015), 1036–40.
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24. Quoted in Christopher Duffy,Military Experience in the Age of Reason (London:Routledge, 2005), 98–9.
1. C. Scott Dixon,Protestants:A History from Wittenberg to Pennsylvania, 1517 –1740 (Chichester, UK:Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 15; Peter W. Williams,America ’s Religions:From Their Origins to the Twenty-First Century (Urbana:University of Illinois Press, 2008), 82.
11. Marc Bekoff, ‘Observations of Scent-Marking and Discriminating Self from Others by a Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris ):Tales of Displaced Yellow Snow’,Behavioral Processes 55:2 (2011), 75–9.
4. Dehaene,Consciousness and the Brain .
19. Jorge Luis Borges,Collected Fictions , translated by Andrew Hurley (New York:Penguin Books, 1999), 308–9.西班牙版本请见： Jorge Luis Borges, ‘Un problema’, inObras completas , vol. 3 (Buenos Aires:Emece Editores, 1968–9), 29–30.
2. Chun Siong Soon et al., ‘Unconscious Determinants of Free Decisions in the Human Brain’,Nature Neuroscience 11:5 (2008), 543–5.See also Daniel Wegner,The Illusion of Conscious Will (Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2002); Benjamin Libet, ‘Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action’,Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8 (1985), 529–66.
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