历代文学网 历代文学
收录来自古今中外 20 多个朝代,近 60个 国家的作者超 3万 人,诗词曲赋、文言文等作品数近 60万 个,名句超 10万 条,著作超 2万 部。

人类简史·从动物到上帝 作者:尤瓦尔·赫拉利 美国)

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71. Christian,Maps of Time, 141.

36. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, 76.

31. Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard,The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969); E.C. Amoroso and P.A. Jewell, ‘The Exploitation of the Milk-Ejection Reflex by Primitive People’, inMan and Cattle: Proceedings of the Symposium on Domestication at the Royal Anthropological Institute,24-26 May 1960, ed. A.E. Mourant and F.E. Zeuner (London: The Royal Anthropological Institute, 1963), 129-34.

20. John Alroy, ‘A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Mass Extinction’,Science, 292:5523 (2001), 1893-96; O’Connel and Allen, ‘Pre-LGM Sahul’, 400-1.

22. David J. Meltzer,First Peoples in a New World: Colonizing Ice Age America(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009).

43. Gary Urton.Signs of the Inka Khipu(Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003); Galen Brokaw.A History of the Khipu(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).

89. Edward M. Spiers,The Army and Society: 1815-1914(London: Longman, 1980), 121; Robin Moore, ‘Imperial India, 1858-1914’, inThe Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, vol. 3, ed. Andrew Porter (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 442.

131. Miguel Nicolelis,Beyond Boundaries: The New Neuroscience of Connecting Brains and Machines – and How It Will Change Our Lives(New York: Times Books, 2011).

58. 关于麦元的信息,我参考了一本未出版的博士论文:Refael Benvenisti,Economic Institutions of Ancient Assyrian Trade in the Twentieth to Eighteenth Centuries BC(Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 2011). 并请参见:Norman Yoffee, ‘The Economy of Ancient Western Asia’, inCivilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, ed. J. M. Sasson (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1995), 1387-99; R. K. Englund, ‘Proto-Cuneiform Account-Books and Journals’, inCreating Economic Order: Record-keeping, Standardization, and the Development of Accounting in the Ancient Near East,ed. Michael Hudson and Cornelia Wunsch (Bethesda, MD: CDL Press, 2004), 21-46; Marvin A. Powell, ‘A Contribution to the History of Money in Mesopotamia prior to the Invention of Coinage’, inFestschrift Lubor Matou.,ed. B. Hru.ka and G. Komoróczy (Budapest: E.tv.s LorándTudományegyetem,1978), 211-43; Marvin A. Powell, ‘Money in Mesopotamia’,Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient,39:3 (1996), 224-42; John F. Robertson, ‘The Social and Economic Organization of Ancient Mesopotamian Temples’, inCivilizations of the Ancient Near East,vol. 1, ed. Sasson, 443-500; M. Silver, ‘Modern Ancients’, inCommerce and Monetary Systems in the Ancient World: Means of Transmission and Cultural Interaction,ed. R. Rollinger and U. Christoph (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2004), 65-87; Daniel C. Snell, ‘Methods of Exchange and Coinage in Ancient Western Asia’, inCivilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, ed. Sasson, 1487-97.

74. Ferguson,Ascent of Money,185-98.

25. Azar Gat,War in Human Civilization(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 130-131; Robert S. Walker and Drew H. Bailey, ‘Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence,’ Evolution and Human Behavior 34 (2013), 29-34.

70. "Gross Domestic Product 2009", The World Bank, Data and Statistics, accessed December 10, 2010,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf

107. ‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002’, World Health Organization, accessed December 10, 2010,http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf.

124. Nicholas Wade, ‘Scientists in Germany Draft Neanderthal Genome’,New York Times,February 12, 2009, accessed December 10, 2010,

39. Roth, Law Collections, 133-34.

83. Mark,Origins of the Modern World, 81.

41. Andrew Robinson,The Story of Writing(New York: Thames and Hudson, 1995), 63; Hans J. Nissen, Peter Damerow and Robert K. Englung,Archaic Bookkeeping: Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East(Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993), 36.

134. Radoje Drmanac et al., ‘Human Genome Sequencing Using Unchained Base Reads on Self-Assembling DNA Nanoarrays’,Science327:5961 (2010), 7881; ‘Complete Genomics’ website:http://www.completegenomics.com/; Rob Waters, ‘Complete Genomics Gets Gene Sequencing under 5000$ (Update 1)’,Bloomberg, November 5, 2009, accessed December 10, 2010;http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aWutnyE4So Ww; Fergus Walsh, ‘Era of Personalized Medicine Awaits’,BBC News, last updated April 8, 2009, accessed March 22, 2012,http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm; Leena Rao, ‘PayPal Co-Founder And Founders Fund Partner Joins DNA Sequencing Firm Halcyon Molecular’,TechCrunch,September 24, 2009, accessed December 10, 2010,

10. Brian Hare,The Genius of Dogs: How Dogs Are Smarter Than You Think(Dutton: Penguin Group, 2013).

114. D. M. McMahon,The Pursuit of Happiness: A History from the Greeks to the Present(London: Allen Lane, 2006).

93. Carl Trocki,Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy(New York: Routledge, 1999), 91.

http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/devices/nuclearpoweredtransponder-for-cyborg-insect?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feedpercent3A+IeeeSpectrum+percent28IEEE+Spectrumpercent29&utm_content= Google+Reader;

132. Chris Berdik, ‘Turning Thought into Words’,BU Today,October 15, 2008, accessed March 22, 2012,http://www.bu.edu/today/2008/turning-thoughtsinto-words/

96. Nathan S. Lewis and Daniel G. Nocera, ‘Powering the Planet: Chemical Challenges in Solar Energy Utilization’,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences103:43 (2006), 15731.

126. ‘Hybrid Insect Micro Electromechanical Systems (HI-MEMS)’, Microsystems Technology Office, DARPA, accessed March 22, 2012,

113. Daniel Kahneman,Thinking, Fast and Slow(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011); Inglehart et al., "Development, Freedom, and Rising Happiness," 278-281.

49. The Secretary-General,United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General on the In-depth Study on All Forms of Violence Against Women,delivered to the General Assembly, U.N. Doc. A/16/122/Add.1 (July 6, 2006), 89.

27. Alain Bideau, Bertrand Desjardins and Hector Perez-Brignoli (eds.),Infant and Child Mortality in the Past(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997); Edward Anthony Wrigley et al.,English Population History from Family Reconstitution, 1580-1837 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 295-96, 303.

30. Avi Pinkas (ed.),Farmyard Animals in Israel – Research, Humanism and Activity(Rishon Le-Ziyyon: The Association for Farmyard Animals, 2009 [Hebrew]), 169-199; “Milk Production – the Cow” [Hebrew], The Dairy Council, accessed March 22, 2012,http://www.milk.org.il/cgiwebaxy/sal/sal.pl?lang=he&ID=645657_milk&act=show&dbid=katavot&dat aid=cow.htm

79. Jennie B. Dorman et al., ‘The age-1 and daf-2 Genes Function in a Common Pathway to Control the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans’,Genetics141:4 (1995), 1399-1406; Koen Houthoofd et al., ‘Life Extension via Dietary Restriction is Independent of the Ins/IGF-1 Signaling Pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans’,Experimental Gerontology38:9 (2003), 947-54.

108. ‘World Health Report, 2004’, World Health Organization, 124, accessed 10 December, 2010,

76. Wrigley,English Population History, 296.

122. Zoe R. Donaldson and Larry J. Young, ‘Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and the Neurogenetics of Sociality’,Science322:5903 (2008), 900–904; Zoe R. Donaldson, ‘Production of Germline Transgenic Prairie Voles (Microtus Ochrogaster) Using Lentiviral Vectors’,Biology of Reproduction81:6 (2009), 1189-1195.

26. Katherine A. Spielmann, ‘A Review: Dietary Restriction on Hunter-Gatherer Women and the Implications for Fertility and Infant Mortality’,Human Ecology17:3 (1989), 321-45. 并请参见:Bruce Winterhalder and Eric Alder Smith, ‘Analyzing Adaptive Strategies: Human Behavioral Ecology at Twenty Five’,Evolutionary Anthropology9:2 (2000), 51-72.

14. Hill and Hurtado,Aché Life History, 78.

59. Nahum Megged,The Aztecs(Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1999 [Hebrew]), 103.

97. Kazuhisa Miyamoto (ed.), ‘Renewable Biological Systems for Alternative Sustainable Energy Production’,FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 128(Osaka: Osaka University, 1997), chapter 2.1.1, accessed December 10, 2010,

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/439

24. 本地图主要参考: Peter Bellwood,First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies(Malden: Blackwell Pub., 2005).

99. S. Venetsky, ‘"Silver" from Clay’, Metallurgist 13:7 (1969), 451; Aftalion, Fred,A History of the International Chemical Industry(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), 64; A. J. Downs,Chemistry of Aluminum, Gallium, Indium and Thallium(Glasgow: Blackie Academic & Professional, 1993), 15.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347213000547)

2. Robin Dunber,Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998).

101. G. J. Benson and B. E. Rollin (eds.),The Well-Being of Farm Animals: Challenges and Solutions(Ames, IA: Blackwell, 2004); M .C. Appleby, J. A. Mench, and B. O.Hughes, Poultry Behaviour and Welfare(Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2004); J. Webster,Animal Welfare: Limping Towards Eden(Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005); C. Druce and P. Lymbery,Outlawed in Europe: How America Is Falling Behind Europe in Farm Animal Welfare(New York: Archimedean Press, 2002).

87. Mark,The Origins of the Modern World,46.

http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/MTO/Programs/Hybrid_Insect_Micro_Electromechanical_Systems_ percent28HI-MEMSpercent29.aspx.

16. I. J. N. Thorpe, ‘Anthropology, Archaeology, and the Origin of Warfare’,World Archaology35:1 (2003), 145-65; Raymond C. Kelly,Warless Societies and the Origin of War(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000); Azar Gat,War in Human Civilization(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006); Lawrence H. Keeley,War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); Slavomil Vencl, ‘Stone Age Warfare’, inAncient Warfare: Archaeological Perspectives, ed. John Carman and Anthony Harding (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1999), 57-73.

并请参见:Sally Adee, ‘Nuclear-Powered Transponder for Cyborg Insect’, IEEE Spectrum, December 2009, accessed December 10, 2010,

98. ‘International Energy Outlook 2010’, U.S. Energy Information Administration, 9, accessed December 10, 2010,

6. G.R. Summerhayes, ‘Application of PIXE-PIGME to Archaeological Analysis of Changing Patterns of Obsidian Use in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea’, inArchaeological Obsidian Studies: Method and Theory, ed. Steven M. Shackley (New York: Plenum Press, 1998), 129-58.

5. Yvette Taborin, ‘Shells of the French Aurignacian and Perigordian’, inBefore Lascaux: The Complete Record of the Early Upper Paleolithic, ed. Heidi Knecht, Anne Pike-Tay and Randall White (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993), 211-28.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/0484(2010).pdf.

http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf; ‘World Health Report, 2004’, World Health Organization, 124, accessed 10 December, 2010,

133. Jonathan Fildes, ‘Artificial Brain “10 years away”’,BBC News, July 22, 2009, accessed 19 September, 2012,http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8164060.stm

85. John Darwin,After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire since 1405(London: Allen Lane, 2007), 239.

64. W.H.C. Frend,Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church(Cambridge: James Clarke & Co., 2008), 536-37.

111. Walker and Bailey, ‘Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence,’ 30.

28. Manfred Heun et al., ‘Site of Einkorn Wheat Domestication Identified by DNA Fingerprints’,Science278:5341 (1997), 1312-14.

55. Glyn Davies,A History of Money: from Ancient Times to the Present Day(Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1994), 15.

66. Marie Harm and Hermann Wiehle,Lebenskunde fuer Mittelschulen -Fuenfter Teil. Klasse 5 fuer Jungen(Halle: Hermann Schroedel Verlag, 1942), 152-57.

125. Robert H. Waterston et al., ‘Initial Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Mouse Genome’,Nature420:6915 (2002), 520.

32. Johannes Nicolaisen,Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg(Copenhagen: National Museum, 1963), 63.

68. David Christian,Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 344-45; Angus Maddison,The World Economy, vol. 2 (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 636; ‘Historical Estimates of World Population’, U.S. Census Bureau, accessed December 10, 2010,

38. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, 122-23.

95. Mark,Origins of the Modern World,109.

12. Nicholas G. Blurton Jones et al., ‘Antiquity of Postreproductive Life: Are There Modern Impact on Hunter-Gatherer Postreproductive Life Spans?’,American Journal of Human Biology14 (2002), 184-205.

116. David Biello, ‘Bacteria Transformed into Biofuels Refineries’,Scientific American, January27, 2010, accessed December 10, 2010,

51. Francisco López de Gómara,Historia de la Conquista de Mexico,vol. 1, ed. D. Joaquin Ramirez Caba.es (Mexico City: Editorial Pedro Robredo, 1943), 106.

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/science/13neanderthal.html?_r=2&ref=s cience;

86. Soli Shahvar, ‘Railroads i. The First Railroad Built and Operated in Persia’, in the Online Edition of Encyclopaedia Iranica, last modified April 7, 2008,

之前时代的死亡率请参见: Lawrence H. Keeley,War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

52. Andrew M. Watson, ‘Back to Gold – and Silver’,Economic History Review20:1 (1967), 11-12; Jasim Alubudi,Repertorio Bibliográfico del Islam(Madrid: Vision Libros, 2003), 194.

82. James Cook,The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific, as Told by Selections of his Own Journals 1768-1779, ed. Archibald Grenfell Price (New York : Dover Publications, 1971), 16-17; Gananath Obeyesekere, The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 5; J.C. Beaglehole, ed.,The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery,vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 588.

29. Charles Patterson,Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust(New York: Lantern Books, 2002), 9-10; Peter J. Ucko and G.W. Dimbleby (ed.),The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals(London: Duckworth, 1969), 259.

40. Constance Brittaine Bouchard,Strong of Body, Brave and Noble: Chivalry and Society in Medieval France(New York: Cornell University Press, 1998), 99; Mary Martin McLaughlin, ‘Survivors and Surrogates: Children and Parents from the Ninth to Thirteenth Centuries’, inMedieval Families: Perspectives on Marriage, Household and Children,ed. Carol Neel (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004), 81 n. 81; Lise E. Hull,Britain's Medieval Castles(Westport: Praeger, 2006), 144.

62. Yuri Pines, ‘Nation States, Globalization and a United Empire – the Chinese Experience (third to fifth centuries BC)’,Historia15 (1995), 54 [Hebrew].

80. Shawn M. Douglas, Ido Bachelet, and George M. Church, ‘A Logic-Gated Nanorobot for Targeted Transport of Molecular Payloads’,Science335:6070 (2012): 831-4; Dan Peer et al., ‘Nanocarriers As An Emerging Platform for Cancer Therapy’,Nature Nanotechnology2 (2007): 751-60; Dan Peer et al., ‘Systemic Leukocyte-Directed siRNA Delivery Revealing Cyclin D1 as an Anti-Inflammatory Target’,Science319:5863 (2008): 627-30.

105. William T. Jackman,The Development of Transportation in Modern England(London: Frank Cass & co., 1966), 324-27; H. J. Dyos and D.H. Aldcroft,British Transport-An economic survey from the seventeenth century to the twentieth(Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1969), 124-31; Wolfgang Schivelbusch,The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century(Berkeley: Univeristy of California Press, 1986).

http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/RBS/626570033x0x278481/eb7a003a-5c9b-41ef-bad3-81fb98a6c823/RBS_GRA_2008_09_03_09.pdf

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2006/09/13/AR2006091302271.html?nav=E8.

44. Stephen D. Houston (ed.),The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 222.

88. Kirkpatrik Sale,Christopher Columbus and the Conquest of Paradise(London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2006), 7-13.

54. David Graeber,Debt: The First 5000 Years(Brooklyn, N.Y.: Melville House, 2011).

34. Robert B. Mark,The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002), 24.

117. Gary Walsh, ‘Therapeutic Insulins and Their Large-Scale Manufacture’,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology67:2 (2005), 151-59.

http://www.csrees.usda.gov/qlinks/extension.html.

78. Michael Prestwich,Edward I(Berkley: University of California Press, 1988), 125-26.

http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/railroads-i;

42. Marcia and Robert Ascher,Mathematics of the Incas-Code of the Quipu(New York: Dover Publications, 1981).

18. Timothy F. Flannery,The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and Peoples(Port Melbourne, Vic.: Reed Books Australia, 1994); Anthony D. Barnosky et al., ‘Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents’,Science306:5693 (2004): 70–75; Bary W. Brook and David M. J. S. Bowman, ‘The Uncertain Blitzkrieg of Pleistocene Megafauna’,Journal of Biogeography31:4 (2004), 517–23; Gifford H. Miller et al., ‘Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction,’Science309:5732 (2005), 287–90; Richard G. Roberts et al., ‘New Ages for the Last Australian Megafauna: Continent Wide Extinction about 46,000 Years Ago’,Science292:5523 (2001), 1888–92.

106. 关于过去这几十年前所未有的和平状态,特别可参见:Steven Pinker,The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined(New York: Viking, 2011); Joshua S. Goldstein,Winning the War on War: The Decline of ArmedConflict Worldwide (New York, N.Y.: Dutton, 2011); Gat,War in Human Civilization.

Charles Issawi, ‘The Iranian Economy 1925-1975: Fifty Years of Economic Development’, inIran under the Pahlavis, ed. George Lenczowski (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1978), 156.

73. 全球规模最大的银行,苏格兰皇家银行(Royal Bank of Scotland),于2007年申报的存款为1.3兆美元,是1500年全球总产值的五倍。参见 ‘Annual Report and Accounts 2008’, The Royal Bank of Scotland, 35, accessed December 10, 2010.

123. Terri Pous, ‘Siberian Discovery Could Bring Scientists Closer to Cloning Woolly Mammoth’,Time,September 17, 2012, accessed February 19, 2013; Pasqualino Loi et al, ‘Biological time machines: a realistic approach for cloning an extinct mammal’,Endangered Species Research14 (2011), 227233; Leon Huynen, Craig D. Millar and David M. Lambert, ‘Resurrecting ancient animal genomes: The extinct moa and more’,Bioessays34 (2012), 661-669.

118. James G. Wallis et al., ‘Expression of a Synthetic Antifreeze Protein in Potato Reduces Electrolyte Release at Freezing Temperatures’,Plant Molecular Biology35:3 (1997), 323-30.

129. Retina Implant,http://www.retinaimplant.de/en/doctors/technology/default.aspx.

47. Ramesh Chandra,Identity and Genesis of Caste System in India(Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2005); Michael Bamshad et al., ‘Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Population’,Genome Research11 (2001): 904-1004; Susan Bayly,Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

http://techcrunch.com/2009/09/24/paypal-co-founder-andfounders-fund-partner-joins-dna-sequencing-firm-halcyon-molecular/.

112. 若想从心理和生化两种层面来讨论快乐,以下著作是很好的出发点:Jonathan Haidt,The Happiness Hypothesis:Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom(New York: Basic Books, 2006); R. Wright,The Moral Animal: Evolutionary Psychology and Everyday Life(New York: Vintage Books, 1994); M. Csikszentmihalyi, ‘If We Are So Rich, Why Aren’t We Happy?’,American Psychologist54:10 (1999): 82127; F. A. Huppert, N. Baylis and B. Keverne, ed.,The Science of Well-Being(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Michael Argyle,The Psychology of Happiness,2nd edition (New York: Routledge, 2001); Ed Diener (ed.),Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener(New York: Springer, 2009); Michael Eid and Randy J. Larsen (eds.),The Science of Subjective Well-Being(New York: Guilford Press, 2008); Richard A. Easterlin (ed.),Happiness in Economics(Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub., 2002); Richard Layard,Happiness: Lessons from a New Science(New York: Penguin, 2005).

45. Sheldon Pollock, ‘Axialism and Empire’,in Axial Civilizations and World History,ed. Johann P. Arnason, S. N. Eisenstadt and Bj.rn Wittrock (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 397-451.

46. Harold M. Tanner,China: A History(Indianapolis: Hackett, Pub. Co., 2009), 34.

121. Ya-Ping Tang et al., ‘Genetic Enhancement of Learning and Memory in Mice’,Nature401 (1999), 63-69.

50. Sue Blundell,Women in Ancient Greece(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), 113-29, 132-33.

8. Noel G. Butlin,Economics and the Dreamtime:A Hypothetical History(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 98-101; Richard Broome,Aboriginal Australians(Sydney: Allen & Unwin , 2002), 15; William Howell Edwards,An Introduction to Aboriginal Societies(Wentworth Falls, N.S.W.: Social Science Press, 1988), 52.

35. Raymond Westbrook, ‘Old Babylonian Period’, inA History of Ancient Near Eastern Law, vol. 1, ed. Raymond Westbrook (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 361- 430; Martha T. Roth,Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor,2nd ed. (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997), 71-142; M. E. J. Richardson,Hammurabi’s Laws: Text, Translation and Glossary(London: T & T Clark International, 2000).

128. ‘Cochlear Implants’, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, accessed March 22, 2012,

http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.

Jessica Marshall, ‘The Fly Who Bugged Me’,New Scientist197:2646 (2008), 40-43; Emily Singer, ‘Send In the Rescue Rats’,New Scientist183:2466 (2004), 21-22; Susan Brown, ‘Stealth Sharks to Patrol the High Seas’,New Scientist189:2541 (2006), 30-31.

3. Michael L. Wilson and Richard W. Wrangham, ‘Intergroup Relations in Chimpanzees’,Annual Review of Anthropology32 (2003), 363-392; M. McFarland Symington, ‘Fission-Fusion Social Organization inAtelesandPan’, International Journal of Primatology, 11:1 (1990), 49; Colin A. Chapman and Lauren J. Chapman, ‘Determinants of Groups Size in Primates: The Importance of Travel Costs’, inOn the Move: How and Why Animals Travel in Groups, ed. Sue Boinsky and Paul A. Garber (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 26.

75. Maddison,The World Economy, vol. 1, 31; Wrigley,English PopulationHistory, 295; Christian,Maps of Time, 450, 452; ‘World Health Statistic Report 2009’, 35-45, World Health Organization, accessed December 10, 2010http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf.

94. Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja,The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History(London: Zed Books, 2002), 22.

77. ‘England, Interim Life Tables, 1980-82 to 2007-09’, Office for National Statistics, accessed March 22, 2012

56. Szymon Laks,Music of Another World, trans. Chester A. Kisiel (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1989), 88-89. 奥斯维辛集中营的“市场”仅限于部分阶级的囚犯,而且在不同时期的差异非常大。

1. Ann Gibbons, ‘Food for Thought: Did the First Cooked Meals Help Fuel the Dramatic Evolutionary Expansion of the Human Brain?’,Science316:5831 (2007), 1558-1560.

48. Houston,First Writing, 196.

7. Christopher Ryan and Cacilda Jethá,Sex at Dawn: The Prehistoric Origins of Modern Sexuality(New York: Harper, 2010); S. Beckerman and P. Valentine (eds.),Cultures of Multiple Fathers:The Theory and Practice of Partible Paternity in Lowland South America(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002).

110. Manuel Eisner, ‘Modernization, Self-Control and Lethal Violence’,British Journal of Criminology41:4 (2001), 618-638; Manuel Eisner, ‘Long-Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime’,Crime and Justice: A Review of Research30 (2003), 83-142; ‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002’, World Health Organization, accessed December 10, 2010,

104. Vaclav Smil,The Earth's Biosphere: Evolution, Dynamics, and Change(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002); Sarah Catherine Walpole et al., ‘The Weight of Nations: An Estimation of Adult Human Biomass’,BMC Public Health12:439 (2012),

19. Stephen Wroe and Judith Field, ‘A Review of Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation’,Quaternary Science Reviews25:21–22 (2006), 2692–2703; Barry W. Brooks et al., ‘Would the Australian Megafauna Have Become Extinct If Humans Had Never Colonised the Continent? Comments on ‘‘A Review of the Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation’’ by S. Wroe and J. Field’, Quaternary Science Reviews 26:3-4 (2007), 560-564; Chris S. M. Turney et al., ‘Late-Surviving Megafauna in Tasmania, Australia, Implicate Human Involvement in their Extinction’,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences105:34 (2008), 12150-53.

90. Vinita Damodaran, ‘Famine in Bengal: A Comparison of the 1770 Famine in Bengal and the 1897 Famine in Chotanagpur’,The Medieval History Journal10:1-2 (2007), 151.

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102. Harry Harlow and Robert Zimmermann, ‘Affectional Responses in the Infant Monkey’,Science130:3373 (1959), 421-432; Harry Harlow, ‘The Nature of Love’,American Psychologist13 (1958), 673-685; Laurens D. Young et al., ‘Early stress and later response to seprate in rhesus monkeys’,American Journal of Psychiatry130:4 (1973), 400-405; K. D. Broad, J. P. Curley and E. B. Keverne, ‘Mother-infant bonding and the evolution of mammalian social relationships’,Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Soceity B361:1476 (2006), 2199-2214; Florent Pittet et al., ‘Effects of maternal experience on fearfulness and maternal behaviour in a precocial bird’,Animal Behavior(March 2013), In Press-available online at:

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92. 这里举的面包店例子在计算上经过简化,并非完全精确。因为银行金库中每存有1元就能贷出10元,如果银行现在有100万美元的存款,其实只能贷出约909000美元,而必须将91000美元留在金库里。但为了方便读者理解,我还是决定将数字简化。此外,银行也并不总是遵守这些法规。

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